Publications, Preprints and Lecture Notes

Matrix eigenvalue problems arise in a wide variety of fields in science and engineering, so it is important to have reliable and efficient methods for solving them. Of the methods devised, bulge-chasing algorithms, such as the famous QR and QZ algorithms, are the most important. This book focuses on pole-swapping algorithms, a new class of methods that are generalizations of bulge-chasing algorithms and a bit faster and more accurate owing to their inherent flexibility. The pole-swapping theory developed by the authors sheds light on the functioning of the whole class of algorithms, including QR and QZ.

Pole-Swapping Algorithms for the Eigenvalue Problem

• is the only book on the topic,

• describes the state of the art on eigenvalue methods, and

• provides an improved understanding and explanation of why these important algorithms work.

This monograph is about a class of methods for solving matrix eigenvalue problems.  We assume that the reader has already had some exposure to eigenvalue problems and agrees with us that they are important.

ISBN: 978-1-61197-836-0
Book Series Name: SIAM Spotlights
Book Code: SL07
Book Pages: viii + 96

Biological self-assembly is a fundamental aspect in the development of complex structures in nature. A paradigm for such a process is the assembly of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) capsid proteins into helical rods around the viral genome. The self-assembly process of the virus is typically modelled through attractive interactions between protein subunits, however capsid proteins also interact with their aqueous environment through solvation free energy. An open question is what role solvation plays in virus self-assembly. Here, we show that a purely geometric model of nonpolar solvation free energy, the morphometric approach, is sufficient to simulate the assembly of up to three protein subunits of TMV. The lowest solvation free energy states we find in a geometric simulation setting are remarkably close to the correctly assembled states of various experimentally determined structures. This demonstrates that van der Waals forces and entropic considerations are sufficient to guide assembly in the absence of attractive interactions between protein subunits. It further illustrates the impact of the morphometric approach as a computationally efficient model for nonpolar solvation free energy of solutes, in particular those with complicated geometry. This demonstration of the role of solvation raises important questions about the driving forces behind biological self-assembly and the paramount role of geometry.

The moment of inertia and tidal deformability of idealized stars with polytropic equations of state (EOSs) are numerically calculated under both Newtonian gravity and general relativity (GR). The results explicitly confirm that the relation between the moment of inertia and tidal deformability, parameterized by the star's mass, exhibits variations of 1% to 10% for different polytropic indices in Newtonian gravity and GR, respectively. This indicates a more robust I-Love universal relation in the Newtonian framework. The theoretically derived I-Love universal relation for polytropic stars is subsequently tested against observational data for the moment of inertia and tidal deformability of the 8 planets and some moons in our solar system. The analysis reveals that the theoretical I-Love universal relation aligns well with the observational data, suggesting that it can serve as an empirical relation. Consequently, it enables the estimation of either the moment of inertia or the tidal deformability of an exoplanet if one of these quantities, along with the mass of the exoplanet, is known.

We consider kernel operators defined by a dynamical system. The Hausdorff distance of spectra is estimated by the Hausdorff distance of subsystems. We prove that the spectrum map is 1/2-Hölder continuous provided the group action and kernel are Lipschitz continuous and the group has strict polynomial growth. Also, we prove that the continuity can be improved resulting in the spectrum map being Lipschitz continuous provided the kernel is instead locally-constant. This complements a 1990 result by J. Avron; P.H.M.v. Mouche; B. Simon establishing that one-dimensional discrete quasiperiodic Schrödinger operators with Lipschitz continuous potentials, e.g., the Almost Mathieu Operator, exhibit spectral 1/2-Hölder continuity. Also, this complements a 2019 result by S. Beckus; J. Bellissard; H. Cornean establishing that d-dimensional discrete subshift Schrödinger operators with locally-constant potentials, e.g., the Fibonacci Hamiltonian, exhibit spectral Lipschitz continuity. 
Our work exposes the connection between the past two results, and the group, e.g., the Heisenberg group, needs not be the integer lattice nor abelian.

We present a review of the work L. Raymond from 1995. The review aims at making this work more accessible and offers adaptations of some statements and proofs. In addition, this review forms an applicable framework for the complete solution of the Dry Ten Martini Problem for Sturmian Hamiltonians as appears in the work arXiv:2402.16703 by R. Band, S. Beckus and R. Loewy. A Sturmian Hamiltonian is a one-dimensional Schrödinger operator whose potential is a Sturmian sequence multiplied by a coupling constant, V∈ℝ. The spectrum of such an operator is commonly approximated by the spectra of designated periodic operators. If V>4, then the spectral bands of the periodic operators exhibit a particular combinatorial structure. This structure provides a formula for the integrated density of states. Employing this, it is shown that if V>4, then all the gaps, as predicted by the gap labelling theorem, are there.

We study periodic approximations of aperiodic Schrödinger operators on lattices in Lie groups with dilation structure. The potentials arise through symbolic substitution systems that have been recently introduced in this setting. We characterize convergence of spectra of associated Schrödinger operators in the Hausdorff distance via properties of finite graphs. As a consequence, new examples of periodic approximations are obtained. We further prove that there are substitution systems that do not admit periodic approximations in higher dimensions, in contrast to the one-dimensional case. On the other hand, if the spectra converge, then we show that the rate of convergence is necessarily exponentially fast. These results are new even for substitutions over ℤ^d.

We review Wang-Yau quasi-local definitions along the line of gravitational Hamiltonian. This makes clear the connection and difference between Wang-Yau definition and Brown-York or even global ADM definition. We make a brief comment on admissibility condition in Wang-Yau quasi-lcoal mass. We extend the positivity proof for Wang-Yau quasi-local energy to allow possible presence of strictly stable apparent horizons through establishing solvability of Dirac equation in certain 3-manifolds that possess cylindrical ends, as in the case of Jang's graph blowing up at marginally outer trapped surfaces.

Riemannian optimization uses local methods to solve optimization problems whose constraint set is a smooth manifold. A linear step along some descent direction usually leaves the constraints, and hence retraction maps are used to approximate the exponential map and return to the manifold. For many common matrix manifolds, retraction maps are available, with more or less explicit formulas. For implicitly-defined manifolds, suitable retraction maps are difficult to compute. We therefore develop an algorithm which uses homotopy continuation to compute the Euclidean distance retraction for any implicitly-defined submanifold of Rⁿ, and prove convergence results.

We also consider statistical models as Riemannian submanifolds of the probability simplex with the Fisher metric. Replacing Euclidean distance with maximum likelihood results in a map which we prove is a retraction. In fact, we prove the retraction is second-order; with the Levi-Civita connection associated to the Fisher metric, it approximates geodesics to second-order accuracy.

Helices are the quintessential geometric motif of microscale self-assembly, from α-helices in proteins to double helices in DNA. Assembly of the helical geometry of biopolymers is a foundational step in a hierarchy of structure that eventually leads to biological activity. Simulating self-assembly in a simplified and controlled setting allows us to probe the relevance of the solvent as a component of the system of collaborative processes governing biomaterials. Using a simulation technique based on the morphometric approach to solvation, we performed computer experiments which fold a short open flexible tube, modelling a biopolymer in an aqueous environment, according to the interaction of the tube with the solvent alone. Different fluid environments may favour quite different solute geometry: We find an array of helical geometries that self-assemble depending on the solvent conditions, including overhand knot shapes and symmetric double helices where the strand folds back on itself. Interestingly these shapes-in all their variety-are energetically favoured over the α-helix. In differentiating the role of solvation in self-assembly our study helps illuminate the energetic background scenery in which all soluble biomolecules live, indeed our results demonstrate that the solvent is capable of quite fundamental rearrangements even up to tying a simple overhand knot.

In this note we prove the Riemannian analog of black hole mode stability for Hermitian, non-self-dual gravitational instantons which are either asymptotically locally flat (ALF) and Ricci-flat, or compact and Einstein with positive cosmological constant. We show that the Teukolsky equation on any such manifold is a positive definite operator. We also discuss the compatibility of the results with the existence of negative modes associated to variational instabilities.

A quasi-local mass, typically defined as an integral over a spacelike 2-surface Σ, should encode information about the gravitational field within a finite, extended region bounded by Σ. Therefore, in attempts to quantize gravity, one may consider an infinite dimensional space of 2-surfaces instead of an infinite dimensional space of 4-dimensional Lorentzian spacetimes. However, existing definitions for quasilocal mass only applies to surfaces outside an horizon whose mean curvature vector is spacelike. In this paper, we propose an extension of the Wang-Yau quasi-local energy/mass to surfaces with timelike mean curvature vector, including in particular trapped surfaces. We adopt the same canonical gauge as in the Wang-Yau quasi-local energy but allow the pulled back "killing vector" to the physical spacetime to be spacelike. We define the new quasi-local energy along the Hamiltonian formulation of the Wang-Yau quasi-local energy. The new definition yields a positive definite surface energy density and a new divergence free current. Calculations for coordinate spheres in Kerr family spacetime are shown. In the spherical symmetric case, our definition reduces to a previous definition.

Die dritte Auflage des bewährten Lehrbuchs bietet, vollständig überarbeitet und aktualisiert, eine fundierte und zugängliche Einführung in die Differentialgeometrie von Kurven und Flächen.　

Beginnend mit klassischer euklidischer Geometrie deckt das Lehrbuch wichtige Themen wie Kurven- und Flächentheorie, die zentrale Bedeutung der Krümmung sowie analytische und topologische Aspekte ab. Auch Minimalflächen, hyperbolische Geometrie, Anwendungen in der Kartografie und der Satz von Gauß-Bonnet werden behandelt. Die mathematische Darstellung ist so gewählt, dass sich das Buch als Einstieg in die abstrakte riemannsche Geometrie eignet.

Eine der wichtigsten Erweiterungen in dieser Auflage ist die verbesserte Darstellung der Konstruktion von Triangulierungen. Durch Illustrationen und verständlichere Erklärungen wird nun ein noch tieferes und intuitiveres Verständnis der Materie ermöglicht.

Zu jedem Kapitel finden sich sorgfältig ausgewählte Übungsaufgaben, die das Gelernte vertiefen und anwenden lassen. Die meisten Aufgaben sind mit ausführlichen Lösungshinweisen versehen, die helfen, die Konzepte selbstständig zu meistern und das Wissen zu festigen.

• Anschauliche Einführung in die Differentialgeometrie anhand von Kurven und Flächen.
• Theoretische Zusammenhänge werden mittels zahlreicher Beispiele verständlich erklärt.
• Zu jedem Themenbereich ausgewählte Aufgaben mit sehr guten Lösungshinweisen.

The posterior distribution for nonlinear Bayesian inverse problems often has to be estimated via sampling and requires many simulations of the forward model, which can be computationally expensive when the forward model requires simulating a high-dimensional dynamical system. This can be remedied by using a reduced forward model that captures the important dynamics of the high-dimensional dynamical system. In systems theory, balanced truncation methods obtain efficient reduced models by projecting the high-dimensional model operators onto the space spanned by dominant eigenvectors of the system Gramians. In this paper, we consider Bayesian smoothing problems for quadratic dynamical systems and introduce inference-oriented Gramians that define a procedure for model reduction by balanced truncation. We provide a stability analysis of the resulting quadratic nonlinear model and support the analysis with a numerical example.

Pole-swapping algorithms, generalizations of bulge-chasing algorithms, have been shown to be a viable alternative to the bulge-chasing QZ algorithm for solving the generalized eigenvalue problem for a matrix pencil A - λB. It is natural to try to devise a pole-swapping algorithm that solves the standard eigenvalue problem for a single matrix A. This paper introduces such an algorithm and shows that it is competitive with Francis's bulge-chasing QR algorithm.

Biological materials display a wide array of functionality, often dictated by complicated microstructures. New geometric and topological strategies allow one to describe the microstructures in a precise and systematic way. This article describes the application of topological persistence and other geometric methods to the microstructural analysis of three-dimensional X-ray micro-computed tomography scans of the Bombyx mori silkworm cocoons. These methods allow conclusions to be drawn about pore space gradients, silk fibre thickness gradients and fibre alignment within the cocoon. The study demonstrates the applicability of these topological and geometric methods to quantify and characterize fibrous materials.

We look at the strong field behavior of the Wang-Yau quasi-local energy. In particular, we examine the limit of the Wang-Yau quasi-local energy as the defining spacelike 2-surface approaches an apparent horizon from outside. Assuming that coordinate functions of the isometric embedding are bounded in and mean curvature vector of the image surface remains spacelike, we find that the limit falls in two exclusive cases: 1) If the horizon cannot be isometrically embedded into , the Wang-Yau quasi-local energy blows up as   approaches the horizon while the optimal embedding equation is not solvable for   near the horizon; 2) If the horizon can be isometrically embedded into , the optimal embedding equation is solvable up to the horizon with the unique solution at the horizon corresponding to isometric embedding into  and the Wang-Yau quasi-local mass admits a finite limit at the horizon. We discuss the implications of our results in the conclusion section.

In this paper, we study some of the properties of the G→0 limit of the Kerr-Newman solution of Einstein-Maxwell equations. Noting Carter's observation of the near equality between the g=2 gyromagnetic ratio in the Kerr-Newman solution and that of the electron, we discuss additional such coincidences relating to the Kerr-Newman multipoles and properties of the electron. In contrast to the Coulomb field, this spinning Maxwell field has a finite Lagrangian. Moreover, by evaluating the Lagrangian for the superposition of two such Kerr-Newman electromagnetic fields on a flat background, we are able to find their interaction potential. This yields a correction to the Coulomb interaction due to the spin of the field.

Cell topology provides a deep insight into the structure of dry liquid foams. This paper analyses the cell topology of simulated 3-dimensional monodisperse dry liquid foams through the process of coarsening, where gas slowly diffuses through the cell interfaces. The coarsened foams are polydisperse, yet show a difference in cell types to annealed, low energy foams of comparable polydispersity. These two types of foams are analysed using average face degree of the cells and a measure of combinatorial roundedness, a new concept from combinatorial topology. We see that the spectrum of cell types changes drastically through the evolution of the foam via coarsening, from cells with a face degree between 12 and 14, with many 4-, 5-, and 6-side faces, to a combination of very large cells with many faces alongside a high frequency of tetrahedra and other cells with low face degree. These results demonstrate the insight that topological methods can give into foams and other complex structures.

Our work proves rigidity theorems for initial data sets associated with compact smooth spin manifolds with boundary and with compact convex polytopes, subject to the dominant energy condition. For manifolds with smooth boundary, this is based on the solution of a boundary value problem for Dirac operators. For convex polytopes we use approximations by manifolds with smooth boundary.

We show that linearly repetitive weighted Delone sets in groups of polynomial growth have a uniquely ergodic hull. This result applies in particular to the linearly repetitive weighted Delone sets in homogeneous Lie groups constructed in the companion paper arXiv:2109.15210 using symbolic substitution methods. More generally, using the quasi-tiling method of Ornstein-Weiss, we establish unique ergodicity of hulls of weighted Delone sets in amenable unimodular lcsc groups under a new repetitivity condition which we call tempered repetitivity. For this purpose, we establish a general sub-additive convergence theorem, which also has applications concerning the existence of Banach densities and uniform approximation of the spectral distribution function of finite hopping range operators on Cayley graphs.

For closed connected Riemannian spin manifolds an upper estimate of the smallest eigenvalue of the Dirac operator in terms of the hyperspherical radius is proved. When combined with known lower Dirac eigenvalue estimates, this has a number of geometric consequences. Some are known and include Llarull's scalar curvature rigidity of the standard metric on the sphere, Geroch's conjecture on the impossibility of positive scalar curvature on tori and a mean curvature estimate for spin fill-ins with nonnegative scalar curvature due to Gromov, including its rigidity statement recently proved by Cecchini, Hirsch and Zeidler. New applications provide a comparison of the hyperspherical radius with the Yamabe constant and improved estimates of the hyperspherical radius for Kähler manifolds, Kähler-Einstein manifolds, quaternionic Kähler manifolds and manifolds with a harmonic 1-form of constant length.

We present fast simulation methods for the self-assembly of complex shapes in two dimensions. The shapes are modeled via a general boundary curve and interact via a standard volume term promoting overlap and an interpenetration penalty. To efficiently realize the Gibbs measure on the space of possible configurations we employ the hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm together with a careful use of signed distance functions for energy evaluation. Motivated by the self-assembly of identical coat proteins of the tobacco mosaic virus which assemble into a helical shell, we design a nonconvex two-dimensional model shape and demonstrate its robust self-assembly into a unique final state. Our numerical experiments reveal certain essential prerequisites for this self-assembly process: blocking and matching (i.e., local repulsion and attraction) of different parts of the boundary, and nonconvexity and handedness of the shape.

A non-intrusive model order reduction method for bilinear stochastic differential equations with additive noise is proposed. A reduced order model (ROM) is designed in order to approximate the statistical properties of high-dimensional systems. The drift and diffusion coefficients of the ROM are inferred from state observations by solving appropriate least-squares problems. The closeness of the ROM obtained by the presented approach to the intrusive ROM obtained by the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method is investigated. Two generalisations of the snapshot-based dominant subspace construction to the stochastic case are presented. Numerical experiments are provided to compare the developed approach to POD.

The inflationary scenario, which states that the early universe underwent a brief but dramatic period of accelerated spatial expansion, has become the current paradigm of early universe cosmology. Although inflationary cosmology has its many successes, it does not (as of yet) have the status of an established physical theory. In this paper, we provide mathematical support for the inflationary scenario in a class of anisotropic spacetimes by generalizing the work in [19]. These anisotropic spacetimes satisfy certain initial conditions so that they are perfectly isotropic at the big bang but become less isotropic as time progresses. The resulting inflationary eras are a consequence of the energy-momentum tensor being dominated by a cosmological constant at the big bang.

The self-assembly of spheres into geometric structures, under various theoretical conditions, offers valuable insights into complex self-assembly processes in soft systems. Previous studies have utilized pair potentials between spheres to assemble maximum contact clusters in simulations and experiments. The morphometric approach to solvation free energy that we utilize here goes beyond pair potentials; it is a geometry-based theory that incorporates a weighted combination of geometric measures over the solvent accessible surface for solute configurations in a solvent. In this paper, we demonstrate that employing the morphometric model of solvation free energy in simulating the self-assembly of sphere clusters results, under most conditions, in the previously observed maximum contact clusters. Under other conditions, it unveils an assortment of extraordinary sphere configurations, such as double helices and rhombohedra. These exotic structures arise specifically under conditions where the interactions take multibody potentials into account. This investigation establishes a foundation for comprehending the diverse range of geometric forms in self-assembled structures, emphasizing the significance of the morphometric approach in this context.

In much of the literature on the solution of linear ill-posed operator equations, the operator equation is discretized and regularization methods are developed for the discretized problem so obtained, without discussing the ramification of these methods for the infinite-dimensional problem. In particular, these regularization methods may only be applicable to certain linear ill-posed operator equations. This paper discusses how regularization by a modified truncated singular value decomposition introduced in [21] for finite-dimensional problems can be extended to operator equations. In finite dimensions, this regularization method yields approximate solutions of higher quality than standard truncated singular value decomposition. Our analysis in a Hilbert space setting is of practical interest, because the solution method presented avoids introduction of discretization errors during the solution process. We discuss how to construct such problems with Chebfun.

The application of X-ray spectro-microscopy to image changes in the chemical state in application areas such as catalysis, environmental science, or biological samples can be limited by factors such as the speed of measurement, the presence of dilute concentrations, radiation damage, and thermal drift during the measurement. We have adapted a reduced-order model approach, known as the discrete empirical interpolation method, which identifies how to optimally subsample the spectroscopic information, accounting for background variations in the signal, to provide an accurate approximation of an equivalent full spectroscopic measurement from the sampled material. This approach uses readily available prior information to guide and significantly reduce the sampling requirements impacting both the total X-ray dose and the acquisition time. The reduced-order model approach can be adapted more broadly to any spectral or spectro-microscopy measurement where a low-rank approximation can be made from prior information on the possible states of a system, and examples of the approach are presented.

In this paper, we consider low-rank approximations for the solutions to the stochastic Helmholtz equation with random coefficients. A Stochastic Galerkin finite element method is used for the discretization of the Helmholtz problem. Existence theory for the low-rank approximation is established when the system matrix is indefinite. The low-rank algorithm does not require the construction of a large system matrix which results in an advantage in terms of CPU time and storage. Numerical results show that, when the operations in a low-rank method are performed efficiently, it is possible to obtain an advantage in terms of storage and CPU time compared to computations in full rank. We also propose a general approach to implement a preconditioner using the low-rank format efficiently.

Diagrams enable the use of various algebraic and geometric tools in analysing and classifying knots. In this paper we introduce a new diagrammatic representation of triply periodic entangled structures, which are embeddings of simple curves in R³ that are invariant under translations along three non-coplanar axes. These diagrams require an extended set of new moves in addition to the Reidemeister moves, which we show to preserve ambient isotopies of triply periodic entangled structures. We use the diagrams to define the crossing number and the unknotting number of the triply periodic entanglements, demonstrating the practicality of the diagrammatic representation.

We prove the local index theorem for the Rarita-Schwinger operator and higher Dirac operators using Gilkey's invariance theory. That is, we show that the supertrace of the heat kernel of a given geometric operator converges as time goes to zero, and identifies the limit as the Chern-Weil form of the Atiyah-Singer integrand.

We consider first-order elliptic differential operators acting on vector bundles over smooth manifolds with smooth boundary, which is permitted to be noncompact. Under very mild assumptions, we obtain a regularity theory for sections in the maximal domain. Under additional geometric assumptions, and assumptions on an adapted boundary operator, we obtain a trace theorem on the maximal domain. This allows us to systematically study both local and nonlocal boundary conditions. In particular, the Atiyah-Patodi-Singer boundary condition occurs as a special case. Furthermore, we study contexts which induce semi-Fredholm and Fredholm extensions.

We generalize a fundamental theorem on transition matrices stating that each component is either strictly positive for all times or identically zero ("Lévy's Theorem"). Our proof of this fact that does not require the matrices to be Markovian nor to be continuous at time zero. We also provide a formulation of this theorem in the terminology of one-parameter operator semigroups.

We carry the index theory for manifolds with boundary of Bär and Ballmann over to first order differential operators on metric graphs. This results in an elegant proof for the index of such operators. Then the self-adjoint extensions and the spectrum of the Dirac operator on the complex line bundle are studied. We also introduce two types of boundary conditions for the Dirac operator, whose spectrum encodes information of the underlying topology of the graph.

We extend the K-cowaist inequality to generalized Dirac operators in the sense of Gromov and Lawson and study applications to manifolds with boundary.

We show scalar-mean curvature rigidity of warped products of round spheres of dimension at least 2 over compact intervals equipped  with   strictly log-concave warping functions. This generalizes earlier results of  Cecchini-Zeidler to all dimensions. 

Moreover, we show scalar curvature rigidity of round spheres of dimension at least 3 minus two antipodal points, thus resolving a problem in Gromov's  ``Four Lectures'' in all dimensions. 

Our arguments are based on spin geometry.

We consider a random diffusion dynamics for an infinite system of hard spheres of two different sizes evolving in Rd, its reversible probability measure, and its projection on the subset of the large spheres. The main feature is the occurrence of an attractive short-range dynamical interaction – known in the physics literature as a depletion interaction – between the large spheres, which is induced by the hidden presence of the small ones. By
considering the asymptotic limit for such a system when the density of the particles is high, we also obtain a constructive dynamical approach to the famous discrete geometry problem of maximisation of the contact number of n identical spheres in Rd. As support material, we propose numerical simulations in the form of movies.

Framework materials composed of rigid bars and joints and their deformations provide a compelling relation between materials science and algebraic geometry. Physical distance constraints within the material transform into quadratic polynomial constraints via the Euclidean distance between two points, enabling associated numerical strategies for finding feasible configurations and deformation pathways. When adding elastic elements, the resulting material is called a tensegrity framework and can be used to model curvilinear cylinder packings. In this paper, we build the necessary geometric formulations to robustly transform rod packings to tensegrity frameworks, leading to a nonlinear optimization problem with polynomial constraints. Since the constraints are smooth almost everywhere, techniques from Riemannian optimization become admissible, allowing us to provide numerical strategies for exploring the deformative behavior of two exemplary 3-periodic cylinder packings. As a result of this investigation, we are able to show that the structures are auxetic by multiple definitions, intuitively meaning that when expanded in a fixed direction, these materials also expand in their lateral directions.

We show that a positive operator between L^p-spaces is given by integration against a kernel function if and only if the image of each positive function has a lower semi-continuous representative with respect to a suitable topology. This is a consequence of a new characterization of (abstract) kernel operators on general Banach lattices as those operators whose range can be represented over a fixed countable set of positive vectors. Similar results are shown to hold for operators that merely dominate a non-trivial kernel operator.

This article reviews the microlocal construction of Feynman propagators for normally hyperbolic operators acting on vector bundles over globally hyperbolic spacetimes and its consequences. It is shown that for normally hyperbolic operators that are selfadjoint with respect to a hermitian bundle metric, the Feynman propagators can be constructed to satisfy a positivity property that reflects the existence of Hadamard states in quantum field theory on curved spacetimes. We also give a more direct construction of the Feynman propagator for the Dirac operator on a globally hyperbolic spacetime. Even though the natural bundle metric on spinors is not positive-definite, in this case we can give a direct microlocal construction of a Feynman propagator that satisfies positivity.

The Chen–Teo gravitational instanton is an asymptotically flat, toric, Ricci-flat family of metrics on ${CP}^2\setminus S^1$, that provides a counter-example to the classical Euclidean Black Hole Uniqueness conjecture. In this paper we show that the Chen–Teo instanton is Hermitian and non-Kähler. It follows that all known examples of gravitational instantons are Hermitian.

We prove a local version of the index theorem for Lorentzian Dirac-type operators on globally hyperbolic Lorentzian manifolds with Cauchy boundary. In case the Cauchy hypersurface is compact we do not assume self-adjointness of the Dirac operator on the spacetime or the associated elliptic Dirac operator on the boundary. In this case integration of our local index theorem results in a generalization of previously known index theorems for globally hyperbolic spacetimes that allows for twisting bundles associated with non-compact gauge groups.

This extended Oberwolfach report (to appear in the proceedings of the MFO Workshop 2335: Aspects of Aperiodic Order) announces the full solution to the Dry Ten Martini Problem for Sturmian Hamiltonians. Specifically, we show that all spectral gaps of Sturmian Hamiltonians (as predicted by the gap labeling theorem) are open for all nonzero couplings and all irrational rotations. We present here the proof strategy.

To determine the optimal set of hyperparameters of a Gaussian process based on a large number of training data, both a linear system and a trace estimation problem must be solved. In this paper, we focus on establishing numerical methods for the case where the covariance matrix is given as the sum of possibly multiple Kronecker products, i.e., can be identified as a tensor. As such, we will represent this operator and the training data in the tensor train format. Based on the AMEn method and Krylov subspace methods, we derive an efficient scheme for computing the matrix functions required for evaluating the gradient and the objective function in hyperparameter optimization.

Identifying a general quasilocal notion of energy-momentum and angular momentum would be an important advance in general relativity with potentially important consequences for mathematical and astrophysical studies in general relativity. In this paper, we study a promising approach to this problem first proposed by Wang and Yau in 2009 based on isometric embeddings of closed surfaces in Minkowski space. We study the properties of the Wang-Yau quasilocal mass in high-accuracy numerical simulations of the head-on collisions of two nonspinning black holes within full general relativity. We discuss the behavior of the Wang-Yau quasilocal mass on constant expansion surfaces, and we compare its behavior with the irreducible mass. We investigate the time evolution of the Wang-Yau quasilocal mass in numerical examples. In addition, we discuss mathematical subtleties in defining the Wang-Yau mass for marginally trapped surfaces.

Dieses Buch stellt Übungen zu den Grundbegriffen und Grundsätzen der Stochastik und ihre Lösungen zur Verfügung.

So wie man Tonleitern in der Musik trainiert, so berechnet man Übungsaufgaben in der Mathematik. In diesem Sinne soll dieses Übungsbuch vor allem als Vorlage dienen für das eigenständige, eigenverantwortliche Lernen und Üben.

Die Schönheit und Einzigartigkeit der Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie besteht darin, dass sie eine Vielzahl von realen Phänomenen modellieren kann. Daher findet man hier Aufgaben mit Verbindungen zur Geometrie, zu Glücksspielen, zur Versicherungsmathematik, zur Demographie und vielen anderen Themen.

Die Zeichnerin Gisela Gurr hat einige Aufgaben des Buches mit Illustrationen bereichert.

We develop a formula for the diagonal values of the Hadamard coefficients associated to a normally hyperbolic operator on a globally hyperbolic spacetime in terms of the advanced and retarded Green's operators. We develop a local formula as well as formulae for integrals over (parts of) the diagonal. Furthermore, we develop analogues of the Hadamard expansion for powers of the advanced/retarded Green's operators and an analogue of a resolvent.

The Hadamard expansion describes the singularity structure of Green’s operators associated with a normally hyperbolic operator P in terms of Riesz distributions (fundamental solutions on Minkowski space, transported to the manifold via the exponential map) and Hadamard coefficients (smooth sections in two variables, corresponding to the heat Kernel coefficients in the Riemannian case). In this paper, we derive an asymptotic expansion analogous to the Hadamard expansion for powers of advanced/retarded Green’s operators associated with P, as well as expansions for advanced/retarded Green’s operators associated with P−z for z∈C. These expansions involve the same Hadamard coefficients as the original Hadamard expansion, as well as the same or analogous (with built-in z-dependence) Riesz distributions.

Neural networks have emerged as powerful and versatile tools in the field of deep learning. As the complexity of the task increases, so do size and architectural complexity of the causing compression techniques to become a focus of current research. Parameter truncation can provide a significant reduction in memory and computational complexity. Originating from a model order reduction framework, the Discrete Empirical Interpolation Method is applied to the gradient descent training of neural networks and analyze for important parameters. The approach for various state-of-the-art neural networks is compared to established truncation methods. Further metrics like L₂ and Cross-Entropy Loss, as well as accuracy and compression rate are reported.

Four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) is a data assimilation method often used in weather forecasting. Based on a numerical model and observations of a system, it predicts the system state beyond the last time of measurement. This requires the minimisation of a functional. At each step of the optimisation algorithm, a full nonlinear model evaluation and its adjoint is required. This quickly becomes very costly, especially in high dimensions. For this reason, a surrogate model is needed that approximates the full model well, but requires significantly less computational effort. In this paper, we propose time-limited balanced truncation to build such a reduced-order model. Our approach is able to deal with unstable system matrices. We demonstrate its performance in experiments and compare it with α-bounded balanced truncation, which is an another reduction approach for unstable systems.

We discuss discrete-time dynamical systems depending on a parameter μ. Assuming that the system matrix A(μ) is given, but the parameter μ is unknown, we infer the most-likely parameter μ_m≈μ from an observed trajectory x of the dynamical system. We use parametric eigenpairs (v_i(μ),lambda_i(μ) of the system matrix A(μ) computed with Newton's method based on a Chebyshev expansion. We then represent x in the eigenvector basis defined by the v_i(μ) and compare the decay of the components with predictions based on the lambda_i(μ). The resulting estimates for μ are combined using a kernel density estimator to find the most likely value for μ_m and a corresponding uncertainty quantification.

In many areas of physics, the propagation of wave packets carrying intrinsic angular momentum is generally influenced by spin-orbit interactions. This is the main mechanism behind spin Hall effects, which result in wave packets following spin-dependent trajectories. Spin Hall effects have been observed in several experiments for electrons in condensed matter systems and for light propagating in inhomogeneous optical media. Similar effects have also been predicted for wave packets propagating in inhomogeneous gravitational fields. We give a brief introduction to gravitational spin Hall effects, emphasizing the analogies with the spin Hall effect of light in optics. Furthermore, we review the most promising astrophysical avenues that could lead to experimental observations of the gravitational spin Hall effect.

Uniqueness results for asymptotically locally flat and asymptotically flat S1-symmetric gravitational instantons are proved using a divergence identity of the type used in uniqueness proofs for static black holes, combined with results derived from the G-signature theorem. Our results include a proof of the S1-symmetric version of the Euclidean Black Hole Uniqueness conjecture, a uniqueness result for the Taub-bolt family of instantons, as well as a proof that an ALF S1-symmetric instanton with the topology of the Chen-Teo family of instantons is Hermitian.

This paper investigates realisations of elliptic differential operators of general order on manifolds with boundary following the approach of Bär-Ballmann to first order elliptic operators. The space of possible boundary values of elements in the maximal domain is described as a Hilbert space densely sandwiched between two mixed order Sobolev spaces. The description uses Calderón projectors which, in the first order case, is equivalent to results of Bär-Bandara using spectral projectors of an adapted boundary operator. Boundary conditions that induce Fredholm as well as regular realisations, and those that admit higher order regularity, are characterised. In addition, results concerning spectral theory, homotopy invariance of the Fredholm index, and well-posedness for higher order elliptic boundary value problems are proven.

Linear ill-posed problems often are analyzed in function spaces using tools from functional analysis, while their numerical solution typically is computed by first discretizing the problem and then applying tools from finite-dimensional linear algebra. The Chebfun package makes it possible to solve linear ill-posed problems without explicit discretization. This work discusses the use of Tikhonov regularization with a fairly general linear regularization operator within the Chebfun framework.

We discuss two approaches to solving the parametric (or stochastic) eigenvalue problem A(μ)λ(μ)=A(μ)v(μ). One of them uses a Taylor expansion and the other a Chebyshev expansion. The parametric eigenvalue problem assumes that the matrix A depends on a parameter μ, where μ might be a random variable. Consequently, the eigenvalues and eigenvectors are also functions of μ. We compute a Taylor approximation of these functions about μ₀ by iteratively computing the Taylor coefficients. The complexity of this approach is O(n³) for all eigenpairs, if the derivatives of A(μ) at μ₀ are given.  The Chebyshev expansion works similarly. We first find an initial approximation iteratively which we then refine with Newton's method.  This second method is more expensive but provides a good approximation over the whole interval of the expansion instead around a single point.
 
We present numerical experiments confirming the complexity and demonstrating that the approaches are capable of tracking eigenvalues at intersection points.  Further experiments shed light on the limitations of the Taylor expansion approach with respect to the distance from the expansion point μ₀.

In this paper we analyse a family of geometrically well-behaved cosmological space-times $(V^{n+1},g)$, which are foliated by \emph{intrinsically isotropic} space-like hypersurfaces $\{M_t\}_{t\in \mathbb{R}}$, which are orthogonal to a family of co-moving observers defined by a global time-like vector field $U$. In particular, this implies such space-times satisfy several of the well-known criteria for isotropic cosmological space-times, although, in the family in question, the simultaneity-spaces $(M_t,g_t)$ associated to $U$ can have as sectional curvature a sign-changing function $k(t)$. Being this clearly impossible in the FLRW family of standard cosmological space-times, it motivates us to revisit the geometric rigidity consequences of different definitions of isotropy available in the literature. In this analysis, we divide such definition according to whether the isometries involved are taken to be (local) space-time (STI space-times) or (local) space isometries (SI space-times) of $(M_t,g_t)$ for each $t$. This subtlety will be shown to be critical, proving that only when space-time isometries are considered one obtains the well-known rigidity properties associated with isotropic cosmological space-times. In particular SI space-times will be shown to be a strictly larger class than the STI ones, allowing a family of basic cosmological curvature change models which are not even locally isometric to any FLRW space-time.

Let X be a diffusion in a cone with oblique reflection at the boundary. We study the question whether X reaches a vertex of the cone for a finite time with positive probability. We propose new probabilistic method of investigation connected with the long-term behavior of a diffusion reflected in a cylinder.

Balanced truncation is a well-established model order reduction method in system theory that has been applied to a variety of problems. Recently, a connection between linear Gaussian Bayesian inference problems and the system theoretic concept of balanced truncation was drawn for the first time. Although this connection is new, the application of balanced truncation to data assimilation is not a novel concept: It has already been used in four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) in its discrete formulation. In this paper, the link between system theory  and data assimilation is further strengthened by discussing the application of balanced truncation to standard linear Gaussian Bayesian inference, and, in particular, the 4D-Var method.  similarities between both data assimilation problems allow a discussion of established methods as well as a generalisation of the state-of-the-art approach to arbitrary prior covariances as  reachability Gramians. Furthermore, we propose an enhanced approach using time-limited balanced truncation that allows to balance Bayesian inference for unstable systems and in addition mproves the numerical results for short observation periods.

Local foliations of area constrained Willmore surfaces on a 3-dimensional Riemannian manifold were constructed by Lamm, Metzger and Schulze , and Ikoma, Machiodi and Mondino, the leaves of these foliations are in particular critical surfaces of the Hawking energy in case they are contained in a totally geodesic spacelike hypersurface. We generalize these foliations to the general case of a non-totally geodesic spacelike hypersurface, constructing an unique local foliation of area constrained critical surfaces of the Hawking energy. A discrepancy when evaluating the so called small sphere limit of the Hawking energy was found by Friedrich, he studied concentrations of area constrained critical surfaces of the Hawking energy and obtained a result that apparently differs from the well established small sphere limit of the Hawking energy of Horowitz and Schmidt, this small sphere limit in principle must be satisfied by any quasi local energy. We confirm independently the discrepancy and explain the reasons for it to happen. We also prove that these surfaces are suitable to evaluate the Hawking energy in the sense of Lamm, Metzger and Schulze, and we find an indication that these surfaces may induce an excess in the energy measured.

We present a Reduced Order Model (ROM) which exploits recent developments in Physics Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) for solving inverse problems for the Navier--Stokes equations (NSE). In the proposed approach, the presence of simulated data for the fluid dynamics fields is assumed. A POD-Galerkin ROM is then constructed by applying POD on the snapshots matrices of the fluid fields and performing a Galerkin projection of the NSE (or the modified equations in case of turbulence modeling) onto the POD reduced basis. A POD-Galerkin PINN ROM is then derived by introducing deep neural networks which approximate the reduced outputs with the input being time and/or parameters of the model. The neural networks incorporate the physical equations (the POD-Galerkin reduced equations) into their structure as part of the loss function. Using this approach, the reduced model is able to approximate unknown parameters such as physical constants or the boundary conditions. A demonstration of the applicability of the proposed ROM is illustrated by two cases which are the steady flow around a backward step and the unsteady turbulent flow around a surface mounted cubic obstacle.

A Duistermaat-Guillemin-Gutzwiller trace formula for Dirac-type operators on a globally hyperbolic spatially compact standard stationary spacetime is achieved by generalising the recent construction by A. Strohmaier and S. Zelditch to a vector bundle setting. We have analysed the spectrum of the Lie derivative with respect to a global timelike Killing vector field on the solution space of the Dirac equation and found that it consists of discrete real eigenvalues. The distributional trace of the time evolution operator has singularities at the periods of induced Killing flow on the space of lightlike geodesics. This gives rise to the Weyl law asymptotic at the vanishing period.

The analysis of linear ill-posed problems often is carried out in function spaces using tools from functional analysis. However, the numerical solution of these problems typically is computed by first discretizing the problem and then applying tools from finite-dimensional linear algebra. The present paper explores the feasibility of applying the Chebfun package to solve ill-posed problems with a regularize-first approach numerically. This allows a user to work with functions instead of vectors and with integral operators instead of matrices. The solution process therefore is much closer to the analysis of ill-posed problems than standard linear algebra-based solution methods. Furthermore, the difficult process of explicitly choosing a suitable discretization is not required.

Many problems in Science and Engineering give rise to linear integral equations of the first kind with a smooth kernel. Discretization of the integral operator yields a matrix, whose singular values cluster at the origin. We describe the approximation of such matrices by adaptive cross approximation, which avoids forming the entire matrix. The choice of the number of steps of adaptive cross approximation is discussed. The discretized right-hand side represents data that commonly are contaminated by measurement error. Solution of the linear system of equations so obtained is not meaningful because the matrix determined by adaptive cross approximation is rank-deficient. We remedy this difficulty by using Tikhonov regularization and discuss how a fairly general regularization matrix can be used. Computed examples illustrate that the use of a regularization matrix different from the identity can improve the quality of the computed approximate solutions significantly.

In this paper we consider the Cauchy problem for neo-Hookean incompressible elasticity in spatial dimension d≥2. We are here interested primarily in the low regularity case, s≤scrit=d/2+1. For d=2,3, we prove existence and uniqueness for s0<s≤scrit, and we can prove well-posedness, but for a smaller range, s1<s≤scrit,

if d=2if d=3,s0=74,s1=74+65√−78,s0=2,s1=1+32−−√

We consider the initial deformations of the form x(0,ξ)=Aξ+φ(ξ), where A is a constant SL(d,R) matrix, and φ∈Hs+1. For the full range (in s) results, as indicated above, we need additional Hölder regularity assumptions on certain combinations of second order derivatives of φ.
A key observation in the proof is that the equations of evolution for the vorticities decomposes into a first-order hyperbolic system, for which a Strichartz estimate holds, and a coupled transport system. This allows one to set up a bootstrap argument to prove local existence and uniqueness. Continuous dependence on initial data is proved using an argument inspired by Bona and Smith, and Kato and Lai, with a modification based on new estimates for Riesz potentials. The results of this paper should be compared to what is known for the ideal fluid equations, where, as shown by Bourgain and Li, the requirement s>scrit is necessary.

In 2015, Mantoulidis and Schoen constructed 3-dimensional asymptotically Euclidean manifolds with non-negative scalar curvature whose ADM mass can be made arbitrarily close to the optimal value of the Riemannian Penrose Inequality, while the intrinsic geometry of the outermost minimal surface can be "far away" from being round. The resulting manifolds, called extensions, are geometrically not "close" to a spatial Schwarzschild manifold. This suggests instability of the Riemannian Penrose Inequality. Their construction was later adapted to  dimensions by Cabrera Pacheco and Miao, suggesting instability of the higher dimensional Riemannian Penrose Inequality. In recent papers by Alaee, Cabrera Pacheco, and Cederbaum and by Cabrera Pacheco, Cederbaum, and McCormick, a similar construction was performed for asymptotically Euclidean, electrically charged Riemannian manifolds and for asymptotically hyperbolic Riemannian manifolds, respectively, obtaining 3-dimensional extensions that suggest instability of the Riemannian Penrose Inequality with electric charge and of the conjectured asymptotically hyperbolic Riemannian Penrose Inequality in 3 dimensions. This paper combines and generalizes all the aforementioned results by constructing suitable asymptotically hyperbolic or asymptotically Euclidean extensions with electric charge in  dimensions for .
Besides suggesting instability of a naturally conjecturally generalized Riemannian Penrose Inequality, the constructed extensions give insights into an ad hoc generalized notion of Bartnik mass, similar to the Bartnik mass estimate for minimal surfaces proven by Mantoulidis and Schoen via their extensions, and unifying the Bartnik mass estimates in the various scenarios mentioned above.

This paper proves the stability, with respect to the evolution determined by the vacuum Einstein equations, of the Cartesian product of high-dimensional Minkowski space with a compact, Ricci-flat Riemannian manifold that admits a spin structure and a nonzero parallel spinor. Such a product includes the example of Calabi-Yau and other special holonomy compactifications, which play a central role in supergravity and string theory. The stability proved in this paper provides a counter example to an instability argument by Penrose.

Based on the Atiyah-Patodi-Singer index formula, we construct an obstruction to positive scalar curvature metrics with mean convex boundaries on spin manifolds of infinite K-area. We also characterize the extremal case. Next we show a general deformation principle for boundary conditions of metrics with lower scalar curvature bounds. This implies that the relaxation of boundary conditions often induces weak homotopy equivalences of spaces of such metrics. This can be used to refine the smoothing of codimension-one singularites a la Miao and the deformation of boundary conditions a la Brendle-Marques-Neves, among others. Finally, we construct compact manifolds for which the spaces of positive scalar curvature metrics with mean convex boundaries have nontrivial higher homotopy groups.

The paper deals with the long-term behavior of positive operator semigroups on spaces of bounded functions and of signed measures, which have
applications to parabolic equations with unbounded coefficients and to stochastic analysis. The main results are a Tauberian type theorem characterizing the convergence to equilibrium of strongly Feller semigroups and a generalization of a classical convergence theorem of Doob. None of these results requires any kind of time regularity of the semigroup.

Abstract Surface curvature both emerges from, and influences the behavior of, living objects at length scales ranging from cell membranes to single cells to tissues and organs. The relevance of surface curvature in biology is supported by numerous experimental and theoretical investigations in recent years. In this review, first, a brief introduction to the key ideas of surface curvature in the context of biological systems is given and the challenges that arise when measuring surface curvature are discussed. Giving an overview of the emergence of curvature in biological systems, its significance at different length scales becomes apparent. On the other hand, summarizing current findings also shows that both single cells and entire cell sheets, tissues or organisms respond to curvature by modulating their shape and their migration behavior. Finally, the interplay between the distribution of morphogens or micro-organisms and the emergence of curvature across length scales is addressed with examples demonstrating these key mechanistic principles of morphogenesis. Overall, this review highlights that curved interfaces are not merely a passive by-product of the chemical, biological, and mechanical processes but that curvature acts also as a signal that co-determines these processes.

Der Sonderforschungsbereich SFB1294 „Datenassimilation: Die nahtlose Verschmelzung von Daten und Modellen“ wird seit 2017 von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft an der Universität of Potsdam gefördert und befindet sich gegenwärtig am Beginn der zweiten Förderphase. Gemeinsam mit den Projektpartnern der Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, der Technischen Universität Berlin, dem Weierstraß-Institut für Angewandte Analysis und Stochastik sowie dem Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam: Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ, werden innerhalb des Verbundes sowohl die statistischen und mathematischen Grundlagen also auch mannigfaltige Anwendungen zeitabhängiger inverser Problemeuntersucht. In diesem Beitrag werden in kurzen Zügen sowohl die grundlegende mathematische Fragestellung also auch die aktuellen wissenschaftlichen Projekte des SFBs vorgestellt

In this paper we prove full local well-posedness for the Cauchy problem for the compressible 3D Euler equation, i.e. local existence, uniqueness, and continuous dependence on initial data, with initial velocity, density and vorticity (v0,ρ0,w0)∈H2+×H2+×H2, improving on the regularity conditions of \cite{WQEuler}. The continuous dependence on initial data for rough solutions of the compressible Euler system is new, even with the same regularity conditions as in \cite{WQEuler}. In addition, we prove new local well-posedness results for the 3D compressible Euler system with entropy.

We give a complete analysis of mode solutions for the linearized Einstein equations and the 1−form wave operator on the Kerr metric in the large a case. By mode solutions we mean solutions of the form where is a suitable time variable. The corresponding Fourier transformed 1−form wave operator and linearized Einstein operator are shown to be Fredholm between suitable function spaces and has to lie in the domain of these operators. These spaces are constructed following the general framework of Vasy. No mode solutions exist for , .  For   mode solutions are Coulomb solutions for the 1−form wave operator and linearized Kerr solutions plus pure gauge terms in the case of the linearized Einstein equations. If we fix a De Turck/wave map gauge, then the zero mode solutions for the linearized Einstein equations lie in a fixed 7−dimensional space. The proof relies on the absence of modes for the Teukolsky equation shown by the third author and a complete classification of the gauge invariants of linearized gravity on the Kerr spacetime due to Aksteiner et al.

Non-local boundary conditions, such as the Atiyah-Patodi-Singer (APS) conditions, for Dirac operators on Riemannian manifolds are well under\-stood while not much is known for such operators on spacetimes with timelike boundary. We define a class of Lorentzian boundary conditions that are local in time and non-local in the spatial directions and show that they lead to a well-posed Cauchy problem for the Dirac operator. This applies in particular to the APS conditions imposed on each level set of a given Cauchy temporal function.
 

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is part of the inflammatory bowels diseases, and moderate to severe
UC patients can be treated with anti-tumour necrosis α monoclonal antibodies, including infliximab
(IFX). Even though treatment of UC patients by IFX has been in place for over a decade, many gaps
in modelling of IFX PK in this population remain. This is even more true for acute severe UC (ASUC)
patients for which early prediction of IFX pharmacokinetic (PK) could highly improve treatment
outcome. Thus, this review aims to compile and analyse published population PK models of IFX in
UC and ASUC patients, and to assess the current knowledge on disease activity impact on IFX PK.
For this, a semi-systematic literature search was conducted, from which 26 publications including a
population PK model analysis of UC patients receiving IFX therapy were selected. Amongst those,
only four developed a model specifically for UC patients, and only three populations included se-
vere UC patients. Investigations of disease activity impact on PK were reported in only 4 of the 14
models selected. In addition, the lack of reported model codes and assessment of predictive perfor-
mance make the use of published models in a clinical setting challenging. Thus, more comprehen-
sive investigation of PK in UC and ASUC is needed as well as more adequate reports on developed
models and their evaluation in order to apply them in a clinical setting.

Inspired by the small sphere-limit for quasi-local energy we study local foliations of surfaces with prescribed mean curvature. Following the strategy used by Ye in 1991 to study local constant mean curvature foliations, we use a Lyapunov Schmidt reduction in an n+1 dimensional manifold equipped with a symmetric 2-tensor to construct the foliations around a point, prove their uniqueness and show their nonexistence conditions. To be specific, we study two foliation conditions. First we consider constant space-time mean curvature surfaces. These foliations were used by Cederbaum and Sakovich to characterize the center of mass in general relativity. Second, we study local foliations of constant expansion surfaces.

In this paper, we examine conditioning of the discretization of the Helmholtz problem. Although the discrete Helmholtz problem has been studied from different perspectives, to the best of our knowledge, there is no conditioning analysis for it. We aim to fill this gap in the literature. We propose a novel method in 1D to observe the near-zero eigenvalues of a symmetric indefinite matrix. Standard classification of ill-conditioning based on the matrix condition number is not true for the discrete Helmholtz problem. We relate the ill-conditioning of the discretization of the Helmholtz problem with the condition number of the matrix. We carry out analytical conditioning analysis in 1D and extend our observations to 2D with numerical observations. We examine several discretizations. We find different regions in which the condition number of the problem shows different characteristics. We also explain the general behavior of the solutions in these regions.

Let (M,g) be a Riemannian 3-manifold that is asymptotic to Schwarzschild. We study the existence of large area-constrained Willmore spheres with non-negative Hawking mass and inner radius dominated by the area radius . If the scalar curvature of is non-negative, we  show that no such surfaces with exist. This answers a question of G. Huisken.

In this paper we prove some rigidity theorems associated to $Q$-curvature analysis on asymptotically Euclidean (AE) manifolds, which are inspired by the analysis of conservation principles within fourth order gravitational theories. A central object in this analysis is a notion of fourth order energy, previously analysed by the authors, which is subject to a positive energy theorem. We show that this energy can be more geometrically rewritten in terms of a fourth order analogue to the Ricci tensor, which we denote by $J_g$. This allows us to prove that Yamabe positive $J$-flat AE manifolds must be isometric to Euclidean space. As a by product, we prove that this $J$-tensor provides a geometric control for the optimal decay rates at infinity. This last result reinforces the analogy of $J$ as a fourth order analogue to the Ricci tensor.

Recent advances in natural language processing have improved our understanding of what kind of linguistic knowledge is encoded in modern word representations. For example, methods for testing the ability to extract syntax trees from a language model architecture were developed by Hewitt and Manning (2019)—they project word vectors into Euclidean subspace in such a way that the corresponding squared Euclidean distance approximates the tree distance between words in the syntax tree. This work proposes a method for assessing whether embedding word representations in hyperbolic space can better reflect the graph structure of syntax trees. We show that the tree distance between words in a syntax tree can be approximated well by the hyperbolic distance between corresponding word vectors.

In the present paper, we study the coupled Einstein Constraint Equations (ECE) on complete manifolds through the conformal method, focusing on non-compact manifolds with flexible asymptotics. In particular, we do not impose any specific model for infinity. First, we prove an existence criteria on compact manifolds with boundary which applies to more general systems and can be seen as a natural extension of known existence theory for the coupled ECE. Building on this, we prove an L^p existence based on existence of appropriate barrier functions for a family of physically well-motivated coupled systems on complete manifolds. We prove existence results for these systems by building barrier functions in the bounded geometry case. We conclude by translating our result to the H^s formulation, making contact with classic works. To this end, we prove several intermediary L^2 regularity results for the coupled systems in dimensions n \le 12 which fills certain gaps in current initial data analysis.

In this paper, we introduce and explore the properties of a new gauge choice for the vacuum Einstein equation inspired by the ingoing and outgoing radiation gauges (IRG, ORG) for the linearized vacuum Einstein equation introduced by Chrzanowski in his work on metric reconstruction [DOI:10.1103/PhysRevD.11.2042] on the Kerr background. It has been shown by Price, Shankar and Whiting [arXiv:gr-qc/0611070] that IRG/ORG are consistent gauges for the linearized vacuum Einstein equation on Petrov type II backgrounds. In [arXiv:1903.03859] ORG was used in proving linearized stability for the Kerr spacetime, and the new non-linear radiation gauge introduced here is a direct generalization of that gauge condition, and is intended to be used to study the stability of Kerr black holes under the evolution generated by the vacuum Einstein equation.

According to Radzikowski’s celebrated results, bisolutions of a wave operator on a globally hyperbolic spacetime are of the Hadamard form iff they are given by a linear combination of distinguished parametrices i2(G˜aF−G˜F+G˜A−G˜R) in the sense of Duistermaat and Hörmander [Acta Math. 128, 183–269 (1972)] and Radzikowski [Commun. Math. Phys. 179, 529 (1996)]. Inspired by the construction of the corresponding advanced and retarded Green operator G_A, G_R as done by Bär, Ginoux, and Pfäffle {Wave Equations on Lorentzian Manifolds and Quantization [European Mathematical Society (EMS), Zürich, 2007]}, we construct the remaining two Green operators G_F, G_aF locally in terms of Hadamard series. Afterward, we provide the global construction of i2(G˜aF−G˜F), which relies on new techniques such as a well-posed Cauchy problem for bisolutions and a patching argument using Čech cohomology. This leads to global bisolutions of the Hadamard form, each of which can be chosen to be a Hadamard two-point-function, i.e., the smooth part can be adapted such that, additionally, the symmetry and the positivity condition are exactly satisfied.

We study a class of infinite-dimensional diffusions under Gibbsian interactions, in the context of marked point configurations: the starting points belong to ℝ^d, and the marks are the paths of Langevin diffusions. We use the entropy method to prove existence of an infinite-volume Gibbs point process and use cluster expansion tools to provide an explicit activity domain in which uniqueness holds.

In this paper we introduce new Birth-and-Death processes with partial catastrophe and study their properties. In particular we obtain some estimates for the mean catastrophe time, and the first and second moments of the distribution of the process at a fixed time t. This is completed by some asymptotic results.

We consider the case of scattering of several obstacles in  for . Then the absolutely continuous part of the Laplace operator  with Dirichlet boundary conditions and the free Laplace operator  are unitarily equivalent. For suitable functions that decay sufficiently fast we have that the difference  is a trace-class operator and its trace is described by the Krein spectral shift function. In this paper we study the contribution to the trace (and hence the Krein spectral shift function) that arises from assembling several obstacles relative to a setting where the obstacles are completely separated. In the case of two obstacles we consider the Laplace operators  and  obtained by imposing Dirichlet boundary conditions only on one of the objects. Our main result in this case states that then  is a trace class operator for a much larger class of functions (including functions of polynomial growth) and that this trace may still be computed by a modification of the Birman-Krein formula. In case  the relative trace has a physical meaning as the vacuum energy of the massless scalar field and is expressible as an integral involving boundary layer operators. Such integrals have been derived in the physics literature using non-rigorous path integral derivations and our formula provides both a rigorous justification as well as a generalisation.

We investigate the Hawking energy of small surfaces in space times without symmetry assumptions by introducing the notion of Hawking type functionals. In particular, we find that Hawking type functionals are generalized Willmore functionals which allows us to find area constrained, minimizing, immersed, haunted bubble trees. These bubble trees are smooth spheres provided their area is small enough. Following a similar analysis of the Willmore functional conducted by T. Lamm and J. Metzger we characterize the concentration points of area constrained, critical surfaces for Hawking type functionals and the Hawking energy. Moreover, we determine their expansion on small surfaces.

We study boundary value problems for first-order elliptic differential operators on manifolds with compact boundary. The adapted boundary operator need not be selfadjoint and the boundary condition need not be pseudo-local.

We show the equivalence of various characterisations of elliptic boundary conditions and demonstrate how the boundary conditions traditionally considered in the literature fit in our framework. The regularity of the solutions up to the boundary is proven. We provide examples which are conveniently treated by our methods.

We show that local deformations, near closed subsets, of solutions to open partial differential relations can be extended to global deformations, provided all but the highest derivatives stay constant along the subset. The applicability of this general result is illustrated by a number of examples, dealing with convex embeddings of hypersurfaces, differential forms, and lapse functions in Lorentzian geometry.
The main application is a general approximation result by sections which have very restrictive local properties an open dense subsets. This shows, for instance, that given any K every manifold of dimension at least two carries a complete C^1,1-metric which, on a dense open subset, is smooth with constant sectional curvature K. Of course this is impossible for C²-metrics in general.

As the loop space of a Riemannian manifold is infinite-dimensional, it is a non-trivial problem to make sense of the "top degree component" of a differential form on it. In this paper, we show that a formula from finite dimensions generalizes to assign a sensible "top degree component" to certain composite forms, obtained by wedging with the exponential (in the exterior algebra) of the canonical 2-form on the loop space. The result is a section on the Pfaffian line bundle on the loop space. We then identify this with a section of the line bundle obtained by transgression of the spin lifting gerbe. These results are a crucial ingredient for defining the fermionic part of the supersymmetric path integral on the loop space.

We give a rigorous construction of the path integral in N=1/2 supersymmetry as an integral map for differential forms on the loop space of a compact spin manifold. It is defined on the space of differential forms which can be represented by extended iterated integrals in the sense of Chen and Getzler-Jones-Petrack. Via the iterated integral map, we compare our path integral to the non-commutative loop space Chern character of Güneysu and the second author. Our theory provides a rigorous background to various formal proofs of the Atiyah-Singer index theorem using supersymmetric path integrals, as investigated by Alvarez-Gaumé, Atiyah, Bismut and Witten.

We study the Atiyah-Patodi-Singer (APS) index, and its equality to the spectral flow,
in an abstract, functional analytic setting. More precisely, we consider a (suitably continuous or
differentiable) family of self-adjoint Fredholm operators A(t) on a Hilbert space, parametrised
by t in a finite interval. We then consider two different operators, namely D := d/dt + A (the
abstract analogue of a Riemannian Dirac operator) and D := d/dt − iA (the abstract analogue of
a Lorentzian Dirac operator). The latter case is inspired by a recent index theorem by Bär and
Strohmaier (Amer. J. Math. 141 (2019), 1421–1455) for a Lorentzian Dirac operator equipped
with APS boundary conditions. In both cases, we prove that the Fredholm index of the operator
D equipped with APS boundary conditions is equal to the spectral flow of the family A(t) .

MOFs and COFs are porous materials with a large variety of applications including gas storage and separation. Synthesised in a modular fashion from distinct building blocks, a near infinite number of structures can be constructed and the properties of the material can be tailored for a specific application. While this modularity is a very attractive feature it also poses a challenge. Attempting to identify the best performing material(s) for a given application is experimentally intractable. Current research efforts combine molecular simulations and machine learning techniques to evaluate the simulated performance of hundreds of thousands of materials to identify top performing MOFs and COFs for a given application. These approaches typically rely on moderated brute-force screening which is still resource-intensive as typically between 70‒100 % of the hundreds of thousands of materials must be simulated to create a training set for the machine learning models used, restricting screening to relatively simple molecules. In this work we demonstrate our novel Bayesian mining approach to materials screening which allows 62‒92 % of the top 100 porous materials for a range of applications to be readily identified from large materials databases after only assessing less than one percent of all materials. This is a stark contrast to the 0‒1 % achieved by conventional brute-force screening where porous materials are just chosen at random during a high throughput screening. Through this accelerated virtual screening process, the identification of high performing materials can be used to more rapidly inform experimental efforts and hence lead to an acceleration of the entire research and development pipeline of porous materials.

The well-posedness of Cauchy problem of 3D compressible Euler equations is studied. By using Smith-Tataru's approach \cite{ST}, we prove the local existence, uniqueness and stability of solutions for Cauchy problem of 3D compressible Euler equations, where the initial data of velocity, density, specific vorticity v,ρ∈Hs,ϖ∈Hs0(2<s0<s). It's an alternative and simplified proof of the result given by Q. Wang in \cite{WQEuler}.

In 2015, Mantoulidis and Schoen constructed 3-dimensional asymptotically Euclidean manifolds with non-negative scalar curvature whose ADM mass can be made arbitrarily close to the optimal value of the Riemannian Penrose Inequality, while the intrinsic geometry of the outermost minimal surface can be "far away" from being round. The resulting manifolds, called \emph{extensions}, are geometrically not "close" to a spatial Schwarzschild manifold. This suggests instability of the Riemannian Penrose Inequality. Their construction was later adapted to n+1 dimensions by Cabrera Pacheco and Miao, suggesting instability of the higher dimensional Riemannian Penrose Inequality. In recent papers by Alaee, Cabrera Pacheco, and Cederbaum and by Cabrera Pacheco, Cederbaum, and McCormick, a similar construction was performed for asymptotically Euclidean, electrically charged Riemannian manifolds and for asymptotically hyperbolic Riemannian manifolds, respectively, obtaining 3-dimensional extensions that suggest instability of the Riemannian Penrose Inequality with electric charge and of the conjectured asymptotically hyperbolic Riemannian Penrose Inequality in 3 dimensions. This paper combines and generalizes all the aforementioned results by constructing suitable asymptotically hyperbolic or asymptotically Euclidean extensions with electric charge in n+1 dimensions for n≥2.
Besides suggesting instability of a naturally conjecturally generalized Riemannian Penrose Inequality, the constructed extensions give insights into an ad hoc generalized notion of Bartnik mass, similar to the Bartnik mass estimate for minimal surfaces proven by Mantoulidis and Schoen via their extensions, and unifying the Bartnik mass estimates in the various scenarios mentioned above.

The spectral geometry of infinite graphs deals with three major themes and their interplay: the spectral theory of the Laplacian, the geometry of the underlying graph, and the heat flow with its probabilistic aspects. In this book, all three themes are brought together coherently under the perspective of Dirichlet forms, providing a powerful and unified approach.

The book gives a complete account of key topics of infinite graphs, such as essential self-adjointness, Markov uniqueness, spectral estimates, recurrence, and stochastic completeness. A major feature of the book is the use of intrinsic metrics to capture the geometry of graphs. As for manifolds, Dirichlet forms in the graph setting offer a structural understanding of the interaction between spectral theory, geometry and probability. For graphs, however, the presentation is much more accessible and inviting thanks to the discreteness of the underlying space, laying bare the main concepts while preserving the deep insights of the manifold case.

Graphs and Discrete Dirichlet Spaces offers a comprehensive treatment of the spectral geometry of graphs, from the very basics to deep and thorough explorations of advanced topics. With modest prerequisites, the book can serve as a basis for a number of topics courses, starting at the undergraduate level.

We study superharmonic functions for Schrödinger operators on general weighted graphs. Specifically, we prove two decompositions which both go under the name Riesz decomposition in the literature. The first one decomposes a superharmonic function into a harmonic and a potential part. The second one decomposes a superharmonic function into a sum of superharmonic functions with certain upper bounds given by prescribed superharmonic functions. As application we show a Brelot type theorem.

In this paper we make a detailed analysis of conservation principles in the context of a family of fourth-order gravitational theories generated via a quadratic Lagrangian. In particular, we focus on the associated notion of energy and start a program related to its study. We also exhibit examples of solutions which provide intuitions about this notion of energy which allows us to interpret it, and introduce several study cases where its analysis seems tractable. Finally, positive energy theorems are presented in restricted situations.

 In the semiclassical limit , we analyze a class of self-adjoint Schr\"odinger operators acting on sections of a vector bundle over an oriented Riemannian manifold where is a Laplace type operator, is an endomorphism field
  and the potential energy has non-degenerate minima at a finite number of points , called potential wells.
  Using quasimodes of WKB-type near
  for eigenfunctions associated with the low lying eigenvalues of , we analyze the tunneling effect, i.e. the splitting between low lying eigenvalues, which e.g. arises in certain symmetric configurations.
  Technically, we treat the coupling between different potential wells by an interaction matrix and we consider the case of a single minimal geodesic
  (with respect to the associated Agmon metric) connecting two potential wells
  and the case of a submanifold of minimal geodesics of dimension .
  This dimension determines the polynomial prefactor for exponentially small eigenvalue splitting.

The Arnoldi process can be applied to inexpensively approximate matrix functions of the form f(A)v and matrix functionals of the form v∗(f(A))∗g(A)v, where A is a large square non-Hermitian matrix, v is a vector, and the superscript ∗ denotes transposition and complex conjugation. Here f and g are analytic functions that are defined in suitable regions in the complex plane. This paper reviews available approximation methods and describes new ones that provide higher accuracy for essentially the same computational effort by exploiting available, but generally not used, moment information.
Numerical experiments show that in some cases the modifications of the Arnoldi decompositions proposed can improve the accuracy of v∗(f(A))∗g(A)v about as much as performing an additional step of the Arnoldi process.

In the classic Coleman--Mandula no-go theorem which prohibits the unification of internal and spacetime symmetries, the assumption of the existence of a positive definite invariant scalar product on the Lie algebra of the internal group is essential. If one instead allows the scalar product to be positive semi-definite, this opens new possibilities for unification of gauge and spacetime symmetries. It follows from theorems on the structure of Lie algebras, that in the case of unified symmetries, the degenerate directions of the positive semi-definite invariant scalar product have to correspond to local symmetries with nilpotent generators. In this paper we construct a workable minimal toy model making use of this mechanism: it admits unified local symmetries having a compact- - component, a Lorentz-  -component, and a nilpotent component gluing these together. The construction is such that the full unified symmetry group acts locally and faithfully on the matter field sector, whereas the gauge fields which would correspond to the nilpotent generators can be transformed out from the theory, leaving gauge fields only with compact charges. It is shown that already the ordinary Dirac equation admits an extremely simple prototype example for the above gauge field elimination mechanism: it has a local symmetry with corresponding eliminable gauge field, related to the dilatation group. The outlined symmetry unification mechanism can be used to by-pass the Coleman--Mandula and related no-go theorems in a way that is fundamentally different from supersymmetry. In particular, the mechanism avoids invocation of super-coordinates or extra dimensions for the underlying spacetime manifold.

The propagation of high-frequency gravitational waves can be analyzed using the geometrical optics approximation. In the case of large but finite frequencies, the geometrical optics approximation is no longer accurate, and polarization-dependent corrections at first order in wavelength modify the propagation of gravitational waves via a spin-orbit coupling mechanism. We present a covariant derivation from first principles of effective ray equations describing the propagation of polarized gravitational waves, up to first-order terms in wavelength, on arbitrary spacetime backgrounds. The effective ray equations describe a gravitational spin Hall effect for gravitational waves and are of the same form as those describing the gravitational spin Hall effect of light, derived from Maxwell's equations.

The spin part of angular momentum of the electromagnetic field is known since the 1990's to be a separately conserved quantity. Cameron et al. introduced the helicity array, a non-covariant analog of Lipkin's zilch tensor, which expresses the hierarchy of conservation laws including helicity, spin, as well as the spin-flux or infra-zilch. In this paper, a novel conserved Lorentz covariant tensor, termed the helicity tensor, is introduced. The conservation laws arising from the helicity array can be obtained from the helicity tensor. The Lorentz covariance of the helicity tensor is in contrast to previous formulations of the helicity hierarchy of conservation laws, which required the non-Lorentz covariant transverse gauge. The helicity tensor is shown to arise as a Noether current for a variational symmetry of a duality-symmetric Lagrangian for Maxwell theory.

In general, geometries of Petrov type II do not admit symmetries in terms of Killing vectors or spinors. We introduce a weaker form of Killing equations which do admit solutions. In particular, there is an analog of the Penrose-Walker Killing spinor. Some of its properties, including associated conservation laws, are discussed. Perturbations of Petrov type II Einstein geometries in terms of a complex scalar Debye potential yield complex solutions to the linearized Einstein equations. The complex linearized Weyl tensor is shown to be half Petrov type N. The remaining curvature component on the algebraically special side is reduced to a first order differential operator acting on the potential.

We study the following problem: Given initial data on a compact Cauchy horizon, does there exist a unique solution to wave equations on the globally hyperbolic region? Our main results apply to any spacetime satisfying the null energy condition and containing a compact Cauchy horizon with surface gravity that can be normalised to a non-zero constant. Examples include the Misner spacetime and the Taub-NUT spacetime. We prove an energy estimate close to the Cauchy horizon for wave equations acting on sections of vector bundles. Using this estimate we prove that if a linear wave equation can be solved up to any order at the Cauchy horizon, then there exists a unique solution on the globally hyperbolic region. As a consequence, we prove several existence and uniqueness results for linear and non-linear wave equations without assuming analyticity or symmetry of the spacetime and without assuming that the generators close. We overcome in particular the essential remaining difficulty in proving that vacuum spacetimes with a compact Cauchy horizon with constant non-zero surface gravity necessarily admits a Killing vector field. This work is therefore related to the strong cosmic censorship conjecture.

We adapt the Faddeev-LeVerrier algorithm for the computation of characteristic polynomials to the computation of the Pfaffian of a skew-symmetric matrix. This yields a very simple, easy to implement and parallelize algorithm of computational cost O(n⁴) where n is the size of the matrix. We compare its performance to that of other algorithms and show how it can be used to compute the Euler form of a Riemannian manifold.

A characterization of the essential spectrum of Schrödinger operators on infinite graphs is derived involving the concept of R-limits. This concept, which was introduced previously for operators on the natural numbers and the d-dimensional integer lattice as “right-limits,” captures the behaviour of the operator at infinity. For graphs with sub-exponential growth rate, we show that each point in the essential spectrum of H corresponds to a bounded generalized eigenfunction of a corresponding R-limit of H. If, additionally, the graph is of uniform sub-exponential growth, also the converse inclusion holds.

The Rarita-Schwinger operator is the twisted Dirac operator restricted to 3/2-spinors. Rarita-Schwinger fields are solutions of this operator which are in addition divergence-free. This is an overdetermined problem and solutions are rare; it is even more unexpected for there to be large dimensional spaces of solutions.
In this paper we prove the existence of a sequence of compact manifolds in any given dimension greater than or equal to 4 for which the dimension of the space of Rarita-Schwinger fields tends to infinity. These manifolds are either simply connected Kähler-Einstein spin with negative Einstein constant, or products of such spaces with flat tori. Moreover, we construct Calabi-Yau manifolds of even complex dimension with more linearly independent Rarita-Schwinger fields than flat tori of the same dimension.

 We study the asymptotic behaviour of a real-valued diffusion whose non-
regular drift is given as a sum of a dissipative term and a bounded measurable one.
We prove that two trajectories of that diffusion converge a.s. to one another at an
exponential explicit rate as soon as the dissipative coefficient is large enough. A
similar result in Lp is obtained.

The set of local gauge invariant quantities for linearized gravity on the Kerr spacetime presented by two of the authors (S.A, T.B.) in (arXiv:1803.05341) is shown to be complete. In particular, any gauge invariant quantity for linearized gravity on Kerr that is local and of finite order in derivatives can be expressed in terms of these gauge invariants and derivatives thereof. The proof is carried out by constructing a complete compatibility complex for the Killing operator, and demonstrating the equivalence of the gauge invariants from (arXiv:1803.05341) with the first compatibility operator from that complex.

Let H be a generalized Schrödinger operator on a domain of a non-compact connected Riemannian manifold, and a generalized eigenfunction u for H: that is, u satisfies the equation Hu = λu in the weak sense but is not necessarily in L². The problem is to find conditions on the growth of u, so that λ belongs to the spectrum of H. We unify and generalize known results on this problem. In addition, a variety of examples is provided, illustrating the different nature of the growth conditions.

A duality symmetric formulation of linearized gravity has been introduced by Barnett and used to show the conservation of helicity. However, the relation between helicity and spin as well as the separate conservation of the spin and orbital parts of angular momentum, which is known to hold in Maxwell theory, was not considered. These conservation laws are known to follow from the conservation of the so-called helicity array, an analog of the zilch tensor, which includes helicity, spin, and spin-flux or infra-zilch. In the present paper we prove the conservation of spin and orbital angular momentum for linearized gravity on Minkowski space, and construct the analog of the helicity array for linearized gravity.

We consider a perturbation of the de Rham complex on a compact manifold with boundary. This perturbation goes beyond the framework of complexes, and so cohomology does not apply to it. On the other hand, its curvature is "small" hence there is a natural way to introduce an Euler characteristic and develop a Lefschetz theory for the perturbation. This work is intended as an attempt to develop a cohomology theory for arbitrary sequences of linear mappings.

An upper bound of the relative entanglement entropy of thermal states at an inverse temperature   of linear, massive Klein-Gordon and Dirac quantum field theories across two regions, separated by a nonzero distance  in a Cauchy hypersurface of an ultrastatic (spin-)spacetime has been computed. This entanglement measure is bounded by a negative constant times which signifies power law decay for asymptotic  where the exponent depends on .

We show how to deduce Rellich inequalities from Hardy inequalities on infinite graphs. Specifically, the obtained Rellich inequality gives an upper bound on a function by the Laplacian of the function in terms of weighted norms. These weights involve the Hardy weight and a function which satisfies an eikonal inequality. The results are proven first for Laplacians and are extended to Schrödinger operators afterwards.

We prove a Feynman path integral formula for the unitary group exp(−itLv,θ), t≥0, associated with a discrete magnetic Schrödinger operator Lv,θ on a large class of weighted infinite graphs. As a consequence, we get a new Kato-Simon estimate

|exp(−itLv,θ)(x,y)|≤exp(−tL−deg,0)(x,y),

which controls the unitary group uniformly in the potentials in terms of a Schrödinger semigroup, where the potential deg is the weighted degree function of the graph.

In the limit \(\hbar \to 0\), we analyze a class of Schrödinger operators acting on sections of a vector bundle over a Riemannian manifold  where  is a Laplace type operator, is an endomorphism field and the potential energy has a non-degenerate minimum at some point . We construct quasimodes of WKB-type near for eigenfunctions associated with the low-lying eigenvalues of . These are obtained from eigenfunctions of the associated harmonic oscillator at , acting on smooth functions on the tangent space.

We prove an ϵ-regularity result for the tracefree curvature of a Willmore surface with bounded second fundamental form. For such a surface, we obtain a pointwise control of the tracefree second fundamental form from a small control of its L2-norm.Several applications are investigated. Notably, we derive a gap statement for surfaces of the aforementioned type. We further apply our results to deduce regularity results for conformal minimal spacelike immersions into the de Sitter space S4,1.

The propagation of electromagnetic waves in vacuum is often described within the geometrical optics approximation, which predicts that wave rays follow null geodesics. However, this model is valid only in the limit of infinitely high frequencies. At large but finite frequencies, diffraction can still be negligible, but the ray dynamics becomes affected by the evolution of the wave polarization. Hence, rays can deviate from null geodesics, which is known as the gravitational spin Hall effect of light. In the literature, this effect has been calculated ad hoc for a number of special cases, but no general description has been proposed. Here, we present a covariant Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin analysis from first principles for the propagation of light in arbitrary curved spacetimes. We obtain polarization-dependent ray equations describing the gravitational spin Hall effect of light. We also present numerical examples of polarization-dependent ray dynamics in the Schwarzschild spacetime, and the magnitude of the effect is briefly discussed. The analysis reported here is analogous to that of the spin Hall effect of light in inhomogeneous media, which has been experimentally verified.

In this paper, we define a relative --invariant for Dirac operators on odd-dimensional spin manifolds with boundary and show that they are invariants of the bordism classes of positive scalar curvature metrics which are collared near the boundary. As an application, we show that if a -dimensional spin manifold with boundary admits such a metric and if, roughly speaking, there exists a torsion element in the difference of the fundamental groups of the manifold and its boundary, then there are infinitely many bordism classes of such psc metrics on the given manifold. This result in turn implies that the moduli-space of psc metrics on such manifolds has infinitely many path components. We also indicate how to define delocalised -invariants for odd-dimensional spin manifolds with boundary, which could then be used to obtain similar results for -dimensional manifolds.

We present a uniqueness result for Gibbs point processes with interactions that come from a non-negative pair potential; in particular, we provide an explicit uniqueness region in terms of activity z and inverse temperature β. The technique used relies on applying to the continuous setting the classical Dobrushin criterion. We also present a comparison to the two other uniqueness methods of cluster expansion and disagreement percolation, which can also be applied for this type of interactions.

In this expository article we give an overview of recent developments in the study of optimal Hardy-type inequality in the continuum and in the discrete setting. In particular, we present the technique of the supersolution construction that yield “as large as possibleȍ Hardy weights which is made precise in terms of the notion of criticality. Instead of presenting the most general setting possible, we restrict ourselves to the case of the Laplacian on smooth manifolds and bounded combinatorial graphs. Although the results hold in far greater generality, the fundamental phenomena as well as the core ideas of the proofs become especially clear in these basic settings.

The interplay of geometry, spectral theory and stochastics has a long and fruitful history, and is the driving force behind many developments in modern mathematics. Bringing together contributions from a 2017 conference at the University of Potsdam, this volume focuses on global effects of local properties. Exploring the similarities and differences between the discrete and the continuous settings is of great interest to both researchers and graduate students in geometric analysis. The range of survey articles presented in this volume give an expository overview of various topics, including curvature, the effects of geometry on the spectrum, geometric group theory, and spectral theory of Laplacian and Schrödinger operators. Also included are shorter articles focusing on specific techniques and problems, allowing the reader to get to the heart of several key topics.

We study magnetic Schrödinger operators on graphs. We extend the notion of sparseness of graphs by including a magnetic quantity called the frustration index. This notion of magnetic-sparseness turns out to be equivalent to the fact that the form domain is an ℓ2 space. As a consequence, we get criteria of discreteness for the spectrum and eigenvalue asymptotics.

We introduce a notion of nodal domains for positivity preserving forms. This notion generalizes the classical ones for Laplacians on domains and on graphs. We prove the Courant nodal domain theorem in this generalized setting using purely analytical methods.

We study Schrödinger operators given by positive quadratic forms on infinite graphs. From there, we develop a criticality theory for Schrödinger operators on general weighted graphs.

We refer by threshold Ornstein-Uhlenbeck to a continuous-time threshold autoregressive process. It follows the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck dynamics when above or below a fixed level, yet at this level (threshold) its coefficients can be discontinuous. We discuss (quasi)-maximum likelihood estimation of the drift parameters, both assuming continuous and discrete time observations. In the ergodic case, we derive consistency and speed of convergence of these estimators in long time and high frequency. Based on these results, we develop a heuristic test for the presence of a threshold in the dynamics. Finally, we apply these statistical tools to short-term US interest rates modeling.

The XI international conference Stochastic and Analytic Methods in Mathematical Physics was held in Yerevan 2 – 7 September 2019 and was dedicated to the memory of the great mathematician Robert Adol’fovich Minlos, who passed away in January 2018. The present volume collects a large majority of the contributions presented at the conference on the following domains of contemporary interest: classical and quantum statistical physics, mathematical methods in quantum mechanics, stochastic analysis, applications of point processes in statistical mechanics. The authors are specialists from Armenia, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Lithuania, Russia, UK and Uzbekistan. A particular aim of this volume is to offer young scientists basic material in order to inspire their future research in the wide fields presented here.

We describe a full-discrete explicit approximation scheme for the process solution of the two-dimensional incompressible stochastic Navier-Stokes equations driven by additive noise with periodic boundary conditions. We focus on the properties which play a role in the proof of the strong convergence towards the mild solution of the equation.

In this work we consider a system of infinitely many interacting diffusions as a marked Gibbs point process. With this perspective, we show, for a large class of stable and regular interactions, existence and (conjecture) uniqueness of an infinite-volume Gibbs process. In order to prove existence we use the specific entropy as a tightness tool. For the uniqueness problem, we use cluster expansion to prove a Ruelle bound, and conjecture how this would lead to the uniqueness of the Gibbs process as solution of the Kirkwood-Salsburg equation.

In this paper we define a variant of Roe algebras for spaces with cylindrical ends and use this to study questions regarding existence and classification of metrics of positive scalar curvature on such manifolds which are collared on the cylindrical end. We discuss how our constructions are related to relative higher index theory as developed by Chang, Weinberger, and Yu and use this relationship to define higher rho-invariants for positive scalar curvature metrics on manifolds with boundary. This paves the way for classification of these metrics. Finally, we use the machinery developed here to give a concise proof of a result of Schick and the author, which relates the relative higher index with indices defined in the presence of positive scalar curvature on the boundary.

An essential component of therapeutic drug/biomarker monitoring (TDM) is to combine patient data with prior knowledge for model‐based predictions of therapy outcomes. Current Bayesian forecasting tools typically rely only on the most probable model parameters (maximum a‐posteriori (MAP) estimate). This MAP‐based approach, however, does neither necessarily predict the most probable outcome nor does it quantify the risks of treatment inefficacy or toxicity. Bayesian data assimilation (DA) methods overcome these limitations by providing a comprehensive uncertainty quantification. We compare DA methods with MAP‐based approaches and show how probabilistic statements about key markers related to chemotherapy‐induced neutropenia can be leveraged for more informative decision support in individualized chemotherapy. Sequential Bayesian DA proved to be most computational efficient for handling interoccasion variability and integrating TDM data. For new digital monitoring devices enabling more frequent data collection, these features will be of critical importance to improve patient care decisions in various therapeutic areas.

We construct marked Gibbs point processes in ℝ^d under quite general assumptions. Firstly, we allow for interaction functionals that may be unbounded and whose range is not assumed to be uniformly bounded. Indeed, our typical interaction admits an as finite but random range. Secondly, the random marks - attached to the locations in ℝ^d - belong to a general normed space S. They are not bounded, but their law should admit a super-exponential moment. The approach used here relies on the so-called entropy method and large-deviation tools in order to prove tightness of a family of finite-volume Gibbs point processes. An application to infinite-dimensional interacting diffusions is also presented.

In this paper we prove a strengthening of a theorem of Chang, Weinberger and Yu on obstructions to the existence of positive scalar curvature metrics on compact manifolds with boundary. They construct a relative index for the Dirac operator, which lives in a relative K-theory group, measuring the difference between the fundamental group of the boundary and of the full manifold. Whenever the Riemannian metric has product structure and positive scalar curvature near the boundary, one can define an absolute index of the Dirac operator taking value in the K-theory of the C*-algebra of fundamental group of the full manifold. This index depends on the metric near the boundary. We prove that the relative index of Chang, Weinberger and Yu is the image of this absolute index under the canonical map of K-theory groups. This has the immediate corollary that positive scalar curvature on the whole manifold implies vanishing of the relative index, giving a conceptual and direct proof of the vanishing theorem of Chang, Weinberger, and Yu. To take the fundamental groups of the manifold and its boundary into account requires working with maximal C* completions of the involved *-algebras. A significant part of this paper is devoted to foundational results regarding these completions.

 We study Maxwell's equation as a theory for smooth k-forms on globally hyperbolic spacetimes with timelike boundary as defined by Aké, Flores and Sanchez. In particular we start by investigating on these backgrounds the D'Alembert - de Rham wave operator □_k and we highlight the boundary conditions which yield a Green's formula for □_k. Subsequently, we characterize the space of solutions of the associated initial and boundary value problem under the assumption that advanced and retarded Green operators do exist. This hypothesis is proven to be verified by a large class of boundary conditions using the method of boundary triples and under the additional assumption that the underlying spacetime is ultrastatic. Subsequently we focus on the Maxwell operator. First we construct the boundary conditions which entail a Green's formula for such operator and then we highlight two distinguished cases, dubbed δd-tangential and δd-normal boundary conditions. Associated to these we introduce two different notions of gauge equivalence and we prove that in both cases, every equivalence class admits a representative abiding to the Lorentz gauge. We use this property and the analysis of the operator □_k to construct and to classify the space of gauge equivalence classes of solutions of the Maxwell's equations with the prescribed boundary conditions. As a last step and in the spirit of future applications in the framework of algebraic quantum field theory, we construct the associated unital ∗-algebras of observables proving in particular that, as in the case of the Maxwell operator on globally hyperbolic spacetimes with empty boundary, they possess a non-trivial center. 

When trying to cast the free fermion in the framework of functorial field theory, its chiral anomaly manifests in the fact that it assigns the determinant of the Dirac operator to a top-dimensional closed spin manifold, which is not a number as expected, but an element of a complex line. In functorial field theory language, this means that the theory is twisted, which gives rise to an anomaly theory. In this paper, we give a detailed construction of this anomaly theory, as a functor that sends manifolds to infinite-dimensional Clifford algebras and bordisms to bimodules.

In this paper we consider the zilch conservation laws for Maxwell theory and demonstrate that in the duality-symmetric version of Maxwell theory, the zilch arises as a Noether current for a variational symmetry of the duality symmetric Lagrangian which we identify through an application of the reverse of the Noether theorem. A variational symmetry leaves Lagrangian invariant up to a total divergence, without restricting to solutions of the field equations. This fact was previously known only for the so-called chirality current, i.e. the 00-component of zilch.

This work provides a necessary and sufficient condition for a symbolic dynamical system to admit a sequence of periodic approximations in the Hausdorff topology. The key result proved and applied here uses graphs that are called De Bruijn graphs, Rauzy graphs, or Anderson–Putnam complex, depending on the community. Combining this with a previous result, the present work justifies rigorously the accuracy and reliability of algorithmic methods used to compute numerically the spectra of a large class of self-adjoint operators. The so-called Hamiltonians describe the effective dynamic of a quantum particle in aperiodic media. No restrictions on the structure of these operators other than general regularity assumptions are imposed. In particular, nearest-neighbor correlation is not necessary. Examples for the Fibonacci and the Golay–Rudin–Shapiro sequences are explicitly provided illustrating this discussion. While the first sequence has been thoroughly studied by physicists and mathematicians alike, a shroud of mystery still surrounds the latter when it comes to spectral properties. In light of this, the present paper gives a new result here that might help uncovering a solution.

Our topological setting is a smooth compact manifold of dimension two or higher with smooth boundary. Although this underlying topological structure is smooth, the Riemannian metric tensor is only assumed to be bounded and measurable. This is known as a rough Riemannian manifold. For a large class of boundary conditions we demonstrate a Weyl law for the asymptotics of the eigenvalues of the Laplacian associated to a rough metric. Moreover, we obtain eigenvalue asymptotics for weighted Laplace equations associated to a rough metric. Of particular novelty is that the weight function is not assumed to be of fixed sign, and thus the eigenvalues may be both positive and negative. Key ingredients in the proofs were demonstrated by Birman and Solomjak nearly fifty years ago in their seminal work on eigenvalue asymptotics. In addition to determining the eigenvalue asymptotics in the rough Riemannian manifold setting for weighted Laplace equations, we also wish to promote their achievements which may have further applications to modern problems.

Let (M_i,g_i)_i∈ℕ be a sequence of spin manifolds with uniform bounded curvature and diameter that converges to a lower-dimensional Riemannian manifold (B, h) in the Gromov–Hausdorff topology. Then, it happens that the spectrum of the Dirac operator converges to the spectrum of a certain first-order elliptic differential operator D^B on B. We give an explicit description of D^B and characterize the special case where D^B equals the Dirac operator on B.

We consider rough metrics on smooth manifolds and corresponding Laplacians induced by such metrics. We demonstrate that globally continuous heat kernels exist and are H\"older continuous locally in space and time. This is done via local parabolic Harnack estimates for weak solutions of operators in divergence form with bounded measurable coefficients in weighted Sobolev spaces.

In this article we consider a family of real-valued diffusion processes on the time interval [0; 1] indexed by their prescribed initial value and another point y in space. We first present a condition on their drift and diffusion coefficients ensuring that the diffusion is pinned in y at time 1. Our main result then concerns the following question: can this family of pinned diffusions be obtained as the bridges either of a Gaussian Markov process or of an Ito diffusion? We eventually illustrate our precise answer with several examples.

We show that any 3+1-dimensional Milne model is future nonlinearly, asymptotically stable in the set of solutions to the Einstein-Vlasov system. For the analysis of the Einstein equations we use the constant-mean-curvature-spatial-harmonic gauge. For the distribution function the proof makes use of geometric L^2-estimates based on the Sasaki-metric. The resulting estimates on the energy momentum tensor are then upgraded by employing the natural continuity equation for the energy density.

The equations governing the perturbations of the Schwarzschild metric satisfy the Regge-Wheeler-Zerilli-Moncrief system. Applying the technique introduced in [2], we prove an integrated local energy decay estimate for both the Regge-Wheeler and Zerilli equations. In these proofs, we use some constants that are computed numerically. Furthermore, we make use of the r^p hierarchy estimates [13, 32] to prove that both the Regge-Wheeler and Zerilli variables decay as t^-3/2 in fixed regions of r.

We discuss canonical representations of the de Rham cohomology on a compact manifold with boundary. They are obtained by minimising the energy integral in a Hilbert space of differential forms that belong along with the exterior derivative to the domain of the adjoint operator. The corresponding Euler–Lagrange equations reduce to an elliptic boundary value problem on the manifold, which is usually referred to as the Neumann problem after Spencer.

The Einstein-Vlasov equations govern Einstein spacetimes filled with matter which interacts only via gravitation. The matter, described by a distribution function on phase space, evolves under the collisionless Boltzmann equation, corresponding to the free geodesic motion of the particles, while the source of the gravitational field is given by the stress-energy tensor defined in terms of momenta of the distribution function. As no variational derivation of the Einstein-Vlasov system appears to exist in the literature, we here set out to fill this gap. In our approach we treat the matter as a generalized type of fluid, flowing in the tangent bundle instead of the spacetime. We present the actions for the Einstein-Vlasov system in both the Lagrangian and Eulerian pictures.

A classical problem in general relativity is the Cauchy problem for the linearised Einstein equation (the initial value problem for gravitational waves) on a globally hyperbolic vacuum spacetime. A well-known result is that it is uniquely solvable up to gauge solutions, given initial data on a spacelike Cauchy hypersurface. The solution map is an isomorphism between initial data (modulo gauge producing initial data) and solutions (modulo gauge solutions). In the first part of this work, we show that the solution map is actually an isomorphism of locally convex topological vector spaces. This implies that the equivalence class of solutions depends continuously on the equivalence class of initial data. We may therefore conclude well-posedness of the Cauchy problem. In the second part, we show that the linearised constraint equations can always be solved on a closed manifold with vanishing scalar curvature. This generalises the classical notion of TT-tensors on flat space used to produce models of gravitational waves. All our results are proven for smooth and distributional initial data of arbitrary real Sobolev regularity.

We describe the set of all Dirichlet forms associated to a given infinitegraphin terms of Dirichlet forms on its Royden boundary. Our approach is purely analyticaland uses form methods.

In this paper a class of statistics based on high frequency observations of oscillating Brownian motions and skew Brownian motions is considered. Their convergence rate towards the local time of the underling process is obtained in form of a Central Limit Theorem. The convergence speed is the same as in the case of Brownian motion but oscillating and skew Brownian motion have singular coecients and their local time is discontinuous.

The Isoperimetric Inequality has many different proofs using methods from diverse mathematical fields. In the paper, two methods to prove this inequality will be shown and compared. First the 2-dimensional case will be proven by tools of elementary differential geometry and Fourier analysis. Afterwards the theory of convex geometry will briefly be introduced and will be used to prove the Brunn--Minkowski-Inequality. Using this inequality, the Isoperimetric Inquality in n dimensions will be shown.

We study the stochastic multi-armed bandit problem in the case when the arm samples are dependent over time and generated from so-called weak $\cC $-mixing processes. We establish a $\cC-$ Mix Improved UCB agorithm and provide both problem-dependent and independent regret analysis in two different scenarios. In the first, so-called fast-mixing scenario, we show that pseudo-regret enjoys the same upper bound (up to a factor) as for iid observations; whereas in the second, slow mixing scenario, we discover a surprising effect, that the regret upper bound is similar to the independent case, with an incremental {\em additive} term which does not depend on the number of arms. The analysis of slow mixing scenario is supported with a minmax lower bound, which (up to a factor log(T)) matches the obtained upper bound.

L’histoire ne se compose pas uniquement de guerres ou de règnes de monarques. La science a marqué l’histoire grâce à de nombreuses découvertes, passionnantes tant d’un point de vue scientifique qu’historique. Nous connaissons les grands de ce monde dont les découvertes ont façonné notre société : Pierre (1859-1906) et Marie (1867-1934) Curie, Albert Einstein (1879-1955), Nicolas Tesla (1856-1943), Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) et bien d’autres encore. Wolfgang Döblin (1915-1940) mérite lui aussi toute notre attention car ses travaux mathématiques avant-gardistes sont méconnus, bien qu’ils aient débouché sur des applications importantes dans nombre de domaines tels la finance ou la physique. Sa vie tourmentée fut dense et finit tragiquement.

We introduce a notion of generalized Willmore functionals motivated by the Hawking energy of General Relativity and bending energies of membranes. An example of a bending energy is discussed in detail. Using results of Y. Chen and J. Li, we present a compactness result for branched, immersed, haunted, stratified surface with bounded area and Willmore energy. This allows us to prove the existence of area constrained minimizers for generalized Willmore functionals in the class of haunted, branched, immersed bubble trees by direct minimization. Here a haunted, stratified surfaces are introduced, in order to account for bubbling and vanishing components along the minimization process. Similarly, we obtain the existence of area and volume constrained, minimal, closed membranes for the discussed bending energy. Moreover, we argue that the regularity results of A. Mondino and T. Rivière for Willmore surfaces can be carried over to the setting of generalized Willmore surfaces. In particular, this means that critical points of a generalized Willmore functional are smooth away from finitely many points.

We study the spectral location of strongly pattern equivariant Hamiltonians arising through configurations on a colored lattice. Roughly speaking, two configurations are "close to each other" if, up to a translation, they "almost coincide" on a large fixed ball. The larger this ball is, the more similar they are, and this induces a metric on the space of the corresponding dynamical systems. Our main result states that the map which sends a given configuration into the spectrum of its associated Hamiltonian, is Hölder (even Lipschitz) continuous in the usual Hausdorff metric. Specifically, the spectral distance of two Hamiltonians is estimated by the distance of the corresponding dynamical systems.

In this paper we consider surfaces which are critical points of the Willmore functional subject to constrained area. In the case of small area we calculate the corrections to the intrinsic geometry induced by the ambient curvature. These estimates together with the choice of an adapted geometric center of mass lead to refined position estimates in relation to the scalar curvature of the ambient manifold.

A correct statement of Theorem 4 in [1] is provided. The change does not affect the main results.

In this paper we prove integrated energy and pointwise decay estimates for solutions of the vacuum linearized Einstein equation on the Kerr black hole exterior. The estimates are valid for the full, subextreme range of Kerr black holes, provided integrated energy estimates for the Teukolsky Master Equation holds. For slowly rotating Kerr backgrounds, such estimates are known to hold, due to the work of one of the authors arXiv:1708.07385. The results in this paper thus provide the first stability results for linearized gravity on the Kerr background, in the slowly rotating case, and reduce the linearized stability problem for the full subextreme range to proving integrated energy estimates for the Teukolsky equation. This constitutes an essential step towards a proof of the black hole stability conjecture, i.e. the statement that the Kerr family is dynamically stable, one of the central open problems in general relativity.
The proof relies on three key steps. First, there are energy decay estimates for the Teukolsky equation, proved by applying weighted multiplier estimates to a system of spin-weighted wave equations derived from the Teukolsky equation, and making use of the pigeonhole principle for the resulting hierarchy of weighted energy estimates. Second, working in the outgoing radiation gauge, the linearized Einstein equations are written as a system of transport equations, driven by one of the Teukolsky scalars. Third, expansions for the relevant curvature, connection, and metric components can be made near null infinity. An analysis of the dynamics on future null infinity, together with the Teukolsky Starobinsky Identity plays an important role in the argument.

In General Relativity, the propagation of electromagnetic waves is usually described by the vacuum Maxwell's equations on a fixed curved background. In the limit of infinitely high frequencies, electromagnetic waves can be localized as point particles, following null geodesics. However, at finite frequencies, electromagnetic waves can no longer be treated as point particles following null geodesics, and the spin angular momentum of light comes into play, via the spin-curvature coupling. We will refer to this effect as the gravitational spin Hall effect of light. Here, we review a series of theoretical results related to the gravitational spin Hall effect of light, and we compare the predictions of different models. The analogy with the spin Hall effect in Optics is also explored, since in this field the effect is well understood, both theoretically and experimentally.